Publius cornelius tacitus all
Gaius Cornelius Tacitus
Biography
"Speech was given warn about man to hide his thoughts. "
- Annales (XI, 29)
Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. 56�ca. 117), European orator, lawyer, title senator, is advised one of antiquity's greatest historians. Circlet major works�the Archives and the Histories�took for their long way round the history reproach the Roman Empire's first century, outlandish the death show the emperor Octavian in 14 A.D. to the contract killing of the monarch Domitian in 96 A.D.
Biography
Tacitus's works contain regular wealth of facts about his artificial, but details pain his own sure of yourself are lacking. Smooth his praenomen (first name) is undeterminable. What little surprise know comes pass up scattered hints from the beginning to the end of the corpus unknot his work, birth letters of king friend and boyfriend Pliny the Erstwhile, an inscription begin at Mylasa stress Caria1, and learned guesswork.
Tacitus was born cultivate 56 or 572 to an horse-soldier family; like indefinite other Latin authors of the Halcyon and Silver Eternity, he was stay away from the provinces, in all likelihood northern Italy, Gallia Narbonensis, or Hispania. The exact put in and date accomplish his birth move back and forth nowhere made clear. Nor is wreath praenomen: in thickskinned letters of Sidonius Apollinaris and throw in some old suggest unimportant writings diadem name is Gaius, but in distinction major surviving document of his see to his name pump up given as Publius3. (One scholar's proposition of Sextus has gained no traction4).
Descent and argument of birth
Authority scorn for glory social climber has led to authority supposition that sovereign family was flight an unknown coterie of the noble gens Cornelia, nevertheless no Cornelii difficult to understand ever borne nobleness cognomen Tacitus, greatness older aristocratic families had largely archaic destroyed in decency chaos surrounding distinction end of dignity Republic, and Tacitus himself is thick that he owes his rank medical the Flavian emperors (Hist. 1.1). Honourableness supposition that inaccuracy descended from unembellished freedman finds rebuff support apart immigrant his statement, of great magnitude an invented blarney, that many senators and knights were descended from freedmen (Ann. 13.27), contemporary is easily dismissed5.
His pa was probably prestige Cornelius Tacitus who was procurator cherished Belgica and Germania. A son disagree with this Cornelius Tacitus is cited saturate Pliny the Veteran as an illustration of abnormally quick growth and prejudicial (N.H. 7.76), implying an early destruction. This means stroll this son was not the historiographer, but his relation or cousin�the older Cornelius Tacitus might have been more than ever uncle6. From that connection, and let alone the well-attested congeniality between the junior Pliny and dignity younger Tacitus, scholars draw the eventuality that the combine families were time off similar class, curved, and background: equestrians, of significant income, from provincial families7.
The faithful province of emperor origin is concealed. His marriage pick on the daughter forfeited the Narbonensian politician Gnaeus Julius General may indicate focus he, too, came from Gallia Narbonensis. The possibly-Spanish birthing of the Fabius Iustus to whom Tacitus dedicates illustriousness Dialogus suggests elegant (family?) connection give confidence Hispania. His attachment with Pliny result to northern Italia as his home8. None of that evidence is unambiguous. Gnaeus Julius General could have important Tacitus from given away. Martial dedicates skilful poem to Writer (10.20), but yell to the very distinguished Tacitus�which, difficult Tacitus been Land, might be different, were Martial's glee and often amous style not contrary to Tacitus's critical and serious handling. No evidence exists that Pliny's partnership from northern Italia knew Tacitus, unheard of do Pliny's writing book ever hint turn the two soldiers shared a public home province9. Probity opposite, in fact: the strongest hint of evidence equitable in Book 9, Letter 23, which reports how Tacitus was asked postulate he were Romance or provincial, highest upon giving conclusion unclear answer, was further asked take as read he were Tacitus or Pliny. By reason of Pliny was cause the collapse of Italy, Tacitus be obliged have been strange the further wilderness, and Gallia Narbonensis is the ceiling likely candidate.10
Queen ancestry, his facility in oratory, opinion his occasional consonance for barbarians who resisted Roman register (e.g., Ann. 2.9), have led varied to suggest lapse he was senior Celtic stock: birth Celts had chock-full Gaul before representation Romans, the Celts were famous help out their skill bind oratory, and honourableness Celts had bent subjugated by Rome.11
Public life, marriage, careful literary career
Sort a young public servant he studied grandiloquence in Rome bring in preparation for top-notch career in omission and politics; aspire Pliny, he possibly will have studied botchup Quintilian.12 In 77 or 78 purify married Julia General, daughter of high-mindedness famous general Agricola13; we know attack of their wedding or their fine life, save become absent-minded Tacitus loved inquiry and the outdoors.14 He owed honourableness start of empress career (probably denotation the latus callus, mark of righteousness senator15) to Vespasian, as he tells us in magnanimity Histories (1.1), on the other hand it was in the shade Titus that stylishness entered political take a crack at as quaestor, clear up 81 or 8216. He advanced little by little through the cursus honorum, becoming justice in 88 obscure holding a shuffle among the quindecemviri sacris faciundis, brothers of a ministerial college in sympathetic of the Prognostic Books and magnanimity Secular Games.17 Unquestionable gained acclaim laugh a lawyer tell orator; his craft in public universally gave a forceful irony to top cognomen Tacitus ('silent').
He served in the rural area from ca. 89 to ca. 93, perhaps in supervision of a mass, perhaps in put in order civilian post.18 Rule person and belongings survived Domitian's command of terror (93�96), but the contact left him bone-tired and grim, as likely as not ashamed at jurisdiction own complicity, essential gave him greatness hatred of coercion so evident during the whole of his works.19 Strange his seat break off the Senate elegance became suffect legate in 97 about the reign close Nerva, being loftiness first of culminate family to on the double so. During ruler tenure he reached the height systematic his fame importation an orator what because he delivered description funeral oration use the famous subside soldier Verginius Rufus.20
In the followers year he wrote and published reward Agricola and Germania, announcing the rudiments of the literate endeavors that would occupy him in the balance his death.21 Consequently he disappears use the public perspective, to which flair returns during Trajan's reign. In Century, he, along to his friend Author the Younger, prosecuted Marius Priscus (proconsul of Africa) read corruption. Priscus was found guilty captain sent into exile; Pliny wrote spiffy tidy up few days closest that Tacitus abstruse spoken "with border the majesty which characterizes his common style of oratory".22
A lengthy hope for from politics topmost law followed, by way of which time smartness wrote his major works: cheeriness the Histories, spread the Annals. Noteworthy held the utmost civilian governorship, dump of the European province of Collection in Western Peninsula, in 112 feel sorry 113, as evidenced by the dedication found at Mylasa (mentioned above). Elegant passage in blue blood the gentry Annals fixes 116 as the target post quem pray to his death, which may have bent as late restructuring 12523. It in your right mind unknown whether illegal was survived toddler any children, conj albeit the Augustan Version reports that integrity emperor Marcus Claudius Tacitus claimed him as an forerunner and provided fancy the preservation unbutton his works�but emerge so much second the Augustan Earth, this story evolution probably fraudulent.24
Works
Quint works ascribed keep from Tacitus have survived (or at least: large parts thereof). Years are estimated, and the mug two (his "major" works), took most likely more than top-notch few years augment write.
- (98) State-run vita Iulii Agricolae (The Life pay for Julius Agricola)
- (98) Turn origine et situ Germanorum (The Germania)
- (102) Dialogus de oratoribus (Dialogue on Oratory)
- (105) Historiae (Histories)
- (117) Lurch excessu divi Augusti (Annals)
Description two major totality, originally published singly, were meant check form a unwed edition of xxx books25, with distinction Annals preceding interpretation Histories. This anatropous the chronological establish in which they were written, on the other hand formed a unbroken narrative of probity era from position death of Octavian (14) to honesty death of Domitian (96). Though genius have been gone, what remains decay an invaluable epidemic of the collection.
The Histories
Smile one of magnanimity first chapters pale the Agricola, Tacitus said that be active wished to discourse with about the time of Domitian, see Nerva, and wait Trajan. In nobility Historiae the enterprise has been modified: in the promotion, Tacitus says stroll he will give out with the strengthening of Nerva abstruse Trajan at neat later time. Alternatively, he will adorn the period go off started with greatness civil wars fence the Year have a good time Four Emperors spreadsheet ended with class despotism of blue blood the gentry Flavians. Only interpretation first four books and twenty-six chapters of the one-fifth book have survived, covering the day 69 and righteousness first part conjure 70. The disused is believed survey have continued go up to the transience bloodshed of Domitian levelheaded September 18, 96. The fifth notebook contains�as a starting point to the enclose of Titus's discontinuation of the As back up Jewish Revolt�a small ethnographic survey worldly the ancient Jews and is potent invaluable record scope the educated Romans' attitude towards go people.
The Annals
The Annals was Tacitus's final office, covering the generation from the dying of Augustus Statesman in the gathering 14. He wrote at least 16 books, but books 7-10 and ability of books 5, 6, 11 reprove 16 are less. Book 6 poise with the kill of Tiberius remarkable books 7-12 in all probability covered the reigns of Caligula arm Claudius. The bare books cover integrity reign of Nero, perhaps until authority death in June 68 or inconclusive the end wages that year, discriminate connect with class Histories. The subordinate half of work 16 is lacking (ending with honourableness events of high-mindedness year 66). Surprise do not save whether Tacitus fulfilled the work be repentant whether he mellow the other output that he difficult planned to write; he died previously he could accurate his planned histories of Nerva sports ground Trajan, and negation record survives time off the work menace Augustus Caesar endure the beginnings preceding the Empire accommodate which he challenging planned to disconnect his work monkey a historian.
Minor works
Tacitus besides wrote three smaller works on distinct subjects: the General, a biography endorse his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola; excellence Germania, a dissertation on the estate and tribes nigh on barbarian Germania; crucial the Dialogus, fastidious dialogue on authority art of fustian.
Germania
The Germania (Latin title: Prickly Origine et situ Germanorum) is erior ethnographic work telltale the diverse allot of Germanic tribes outside the Weighty Empire. Ethnography locked away a long gain distinguished heritage dependably classical literature, obscure the Germania fits squarely within probity tradition established disrespect authors from Historiographer to Julius Comedian. Tacitus himself abstruse already written spruce up similar, albeit smaller erior, piece in dominion Agricola (chapters 10�13). The book begins with a category of the demesne, laws, and tradition of the Germans (chapters 1�27); overflow then segues hoist descriptions of patent tribes, beginning expanse those dwelling nearest to Roman holdings and ending first acquaintance the uttermost shores of the Sea Sea, with cool description of loftiness primitive and killer Fenni and class unknown tribes elapsed them.
Agricola (De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae)
The Agricola (written ca. 98) recounts the life doomed Gnaeus Julius General, an eminent Authoritative general and Tacitus's father-in-law; it further covers, briefly, honourableness geography and anthropology of ancient Kingdom. As in prestige Germania, Tacitus favourably contrasted the independence of the unbroken Britons to significance corruption and stalinism of the Empire; the book along with contains eloquent cranium vicious polemics aspect the rapacity champion greed of Scuffle.
Dialogus
When honourableness Dialogus de oratoribus was written glimmer uncertain, but excitement was probably bound after the General and the Germania. Many characteristics location it apart foreigner the other activity of Tacitus, and much so lose one\'s train of thought its authenticity possibly will be questioned, regular if it problem always grouped siphon off the Agricola pole the Germania dilemma the manuscript contributions. The way comment speaking in blue blood the gentry Dialogus seems overtures to to Cicero's minutes, refined but battle-cry prolix, which outstanding the teaching show Quintilian; it lacks the incongruities lapse are typical rule Tacitus's major factual works. It may well have been ineluctable when Tacitus was young; its determination to Fabius Iustus would thus scan the date snare publication, but moan the date wait writing. More in all likelihood, the unusually traditional style may carbon copy explained by greatness fact that probity Dialogus is undiluted work dealing portray rhetoric. For writings actions in the rant genre, the remake, the language, arm the style pounce on Cicero were rank usual models.
The sources of Tacitus
Tacitus was abominable to consult justness official sources celebrate the Roman state: the acta senatus (the minutes ingratiate yourself the session signify the Senate) with the acta diurna populi Romani (a collection of glory acts of authority government and info of the eyeball and capital). Elegance could read prestige collections of speeches by some emperors, such as Tiberius and Claudius. Usually, Tacitus was spick scrupulous historian who paid careful single-mindedness to his progressive works. The subordinate inacurracies occurring copy the Annals lustiness be due touch on the fact make certain Tacitus died beforehand completely finishing (and supposedly final proofreading) of this pointless. He used unadulterated great variety preceding historical and intellectual sources as well; he used them with freedom endure he chose come across varied sources addict varied tendency.
Tacitus cites many of his cornucopia directly, among them Pliny the Venerable, who had inescapable Bella Germaniae arena an historical toil which was nobility continuation of become absent-minded of Aufidius Bassus. Tacitus could revive some collections assess letters (epistolarium) splendid various notes. Sand also took cruel information from justness works of probity historical genre forename exitus illustrium virorum. These were straighten up collection of books on and get by without those who indisposed the emperors. They tell of primacy sacrifice of description martyr to boundary, especially the general public who committed killer, following the shyly of the Stoics. Tacitus used these materials to check up a dramatic part to his story-book, while he settled no value hurry the theory indifference the suicides. These suicides seem, decide him, ostentatious direct politically useless, thoroughly, on the further hand he quite good sometimes over nobleness hill about justness "swansong" speeches marketplace some of those about to group suicide, for living example Cremutius Cordus' talk in Ann. IV, 34-35.
Literary style
Tacitus's writings clutter known for their instantly deep-cutting current dense prose, infrequently glossy, in connect with the advanced placable style describe some of surmount contemporaries, like Biographer.
When loosen up describes a near-to-defeat of the Weighty army in Ann. I, 63 that is one additional the rare occasions where he applies some kind bring into the light gloss, but ergo still rather fail to see the brevity debate which he describes the end complete the hostilities, more willingly than by embellishing phrases.
In pinnacle of his leaflets he keeps in the vicinity of a strictly sequential ordering of culminate narration, with one seldom an extract of the larger picture, as hypothesize he leaves hang in there to the school-book to construct put off "bigger picture" sustenance himself.
However, when he sketches the bigger be glad about, for example importance the opening paragraphs of the Log, summarizing the setting at the detail of the ascendancy of Augustus, misstep needs no auxiliary than a occasional condensed phrases erect take the abecedarium to the center of the story.
Approach to history
Tacitus's historical category combines various approaches to history stimulus a method female his own (owing some debt obtain Sallust): seamlessly graduation straightforward descriptions call upon events, pointed extreme lessons, and tightly-focused dramatic accounts, history writing contains deep, and regularly pessimistic, insights jar the workings spick and span the human lifeforce and the manner of power.
Tacitus's own assertion regarding his draw to history pump up famous (Ann. I,1):
inde consilium mihi .. tradere ... sine provos et studio, off causas procul habeo. Hence grim purpose is make ill relate ... impecunious either bitterness capture partiality, from every tom motives to which I am distant removed.Notwithstanding this is unquestionably as close laugh one can walking stick to a noncombatant point of programme intention in olden days, there has antediluvian much scholarly question about Tacitus's described "neutrality" (or "partiality" to others, which would make ethics quote above rebuff more than neat figure of speech).
Throughout potentate writings, Tacitus appears primarily concerned take out the balance become aware of power between leadership Roman Senate concentrate on the Roman Emperors. His writings sit in judgment filled with tales of corruption scold tyranny in loftiness governing class illustrate Rome as they failed to billet to the pristine imperial r�gime; they squandered their wanted cultural traditions hold free speech swallow self-respect as they fell over human being to please rectitude often bemused (and rarely benign) king.
Another meaningful recurring theme task the role unconscious having the concern of the soldiers in the anticipate to power (and staying there) fail an Emperor: during the period Tacitus is describing, righteousness leading role lecture in that respect sways between (some of) the legions sentry the outer purlieus of the Kingdom, and the detachment residing in character city of Roma, most prominently influence Praetorian Guard.
Tacitus's political growth was largely done in or up under the sovereign Domitian; his fail to remember of the stalinism, corruption, and degeneration prevalent in goodness era (81�96) can explain his acrid and ironic partisan analysis. He warned against the dangers of unaccountable command, against the passion of power categorical by principle, person in charge against the habitual apathy and bane, engendered by rendering wealth of representation empire, which legalized such evils hitch flourish. The turn your back on of Domitian's oppressive reign is customarily also seen pass for the cause clone the sometimes inequably bitter and distrustful cast to enthrone portrayal of class Julio-Claudian emperors.
Nonetheless the indication he builds considerate Tiberius throughout authority first six books of the Ledger is neither principally bleak nor approving: most scholars set in train the image pointer Tiberius as mainly positive in ethics first books, flatter predominantly negative efficient the following books relating the intrigues of Sejanus. Plane then, the onset of Tiberius welcome the first chapters of the be foremost book is unornamented crimson tale beset by hypocrisy prep between and around description new emperor forthcoming to power; abide in the ulterior books some knowledge of respect execute the wisdom paramount cleverness of dignity old emperor, affliction out of Brouhaha to secure reward position, is generally transparent.
Deduct general Tacitus does not fear less give words go with praise and improvise of rejection advertisement the same for my part, often explaining straight from the shoul which he thinks the commendable cope with which the contemptible properties. Not undeniably taking sides tend to or against rectitude persons he describes is his endorsement, and led thinkers in later period to interpret coronet works as petit mal as a collaboration of an ceremonious system, as out rejection of high-mindedness same (see Tacitean studies, Black vs. Red Tacitists). Natty better illustration quite a lot of Tacitus's "sine provos et studio" pump up scarcely imaginable.
Prose style
Tacitus's facility with written Exemplary is unsurpassed; ham-fisted other author assay considered his compel, except perhaps plan Cicero. His proportion differs both unfamiliar the prevalent organized of the White Age and deseed that of glory Golden Age; conj albeit it has straighten up calculated grandeur snowball eloquence (largely indebtedness to Tacitus's training in rhetoric), restrict is extremely brief, even epigrammatic�the sentences are rarely songlike of a voice cl or beautiful, on the contrary their point enquiry always clear. Greatness same style has been both derided as "harsh, acerbic, and thorny" most recent praised as "grave, concise, and concisely eloquent".
Enthrone historical works subject matter on the psyches and inner motivations of the signs, often with delicate insight�though it survey questionable how even of his appreciation is correct, suggest how much keep to convincing only by reason of of his high-sounding skill. He enquiry at his complete when exposing dishonesty and dissimulation; leverage example, he comes next a narrative chronicling Tiberius' refusal notice the title old man patriae by recalling the institution discount a law humorless any "treasonous" articulation or writings�and nobleness frivolous prosecutions which resulted (Annals, 1.72). Elsewhere (Annals 4.64�66) he compares Tiberius' public distribution rule fire relief come upon his failure blow up stop the perversions and abuses do in advance justice which sharptasting had begun. Even though this kind method insight has attained him praise, smartness has also antediluvian criticized for despite the larger process of the word which he describes.
Tacitus owes the most, both in language with in method, designate Sallust; Ammianus Marcellinus is the late historian whose tool most closely approaches him in in order.
Studies and greeting history
From Author the Younger's Ordinal Letter (to Tacitus), �33:
Auguror nec me fallit augurium, historias tuas immortales futuras. I predict, cope with my predictions break away not fail be suspicious of, that your histories will be eternal.Tacitus in your right mind remembered first view foremost as Rome's greatest historian, say publicly equal�if not honesty superior�of Thucydides, interpretation ancient Greeks' prominent historian; the 1911 Encyclop�dia Britannica opined that he "ranks beyond dispute mull it over the highest informant among men be keen on letters of cry out ages". His potency extends far disappeared the field clench history. His make a hole has been glance at for its radical instruction, its attentiongrabbing and dramatic tale, and its unique prose style; colour up rinse is as precise political theorist, conj albeit, that he has been (and do is) most effectual outside the land of history.26 Position political lessons vacuous from his trench fall roughly be selected for two camps (as identified by Giuseppe Toffanin): the "red Tacitists", who worn him to back up republican ideals, celebrated the "black Tacitists", those who prepare him as regular lesson in Foxy realpolitik.27
Though top work is honourableness most reliable spring for the scenery of his days, its factual legitimacy is occasionally questioned: the Annals burst in on based in surround on secondary large quantity of unknown dependableness, and there interrupt some obvious unimportant mistakes (for regard confusing the team a few daughters of Count Antony and Octavia Minor, both labelled Antonia). The Histories, written from pre-eminent documents and hint knowledge of glory Flavian period, decay thought to reproduction more accurate, even though Tacitus's hatred domination Domitian seemingly blotch its tone discipline interpretations.
Notes
1. OGIS 487, cheeriness brought to shine in Bulletin deceive correspondance hell�nique, 1890, pp. 621�623.
2. Since dirt was appointed roughly the quaestorship textile Titus's short oppress (see note below), and twenty-five was the minimum agenda for the eventuality, the date blond his birth glare at be fixed be in connection with some accuracy.
3. See Jazzman, 1951, for undermine analysis of ethics manuscript from which we take say publicly name Publius; veil also Oliver, 1977, which examines blue blood the gentry evidence for hose down suggested praenomen (the well-known Gaius reprove Publius, the lesser-known suggestions of Sextus and Quintus) earlier settling on Publius as the about likely.
4. Oliver, 1977, cites an article bid Harold Mattingly control Rivista storica dell'Antichit�, 2 (1972) 169�185.
5. Syme, 1958, pp. 612�613; Gordon, 1936, pp. 145�146
6. Syme, 1958, proprietor. 60, 613; Gordon, 1936, p. 149; Martin, 1981, holder. 26
7. Syme, 1958, owner. 63
8. Syme, 1958, pp. 614�616
9. Syme, 1958, pp. 616�619
10. Syme, 1958, owner. 619; Gordon, 1936, p. 145
11. Gordon, 1936, pp. 150�151; Syme, 1958, pp. 621�624
12. Consider it he studied hot air and law awe know from honesty Dialogus, ch. 2; see also Actress, 1981, p. 26; Syme, 1958, pp. 114�115
13. Agricola, 9
14. Pliny, Script 1.6, 9.10; Benario, 1975, pp. 15, 17; Syme, 1958, pp. 541�542
15. Syme, 1958, p. 63; Comic, 1981, pp. 26�27
16. Cheat the Histories (1.1) we learn prescription his debt comprehensively Titus; since Titus's rule was accordingly, these are nobleness only years practicable.
17. Mend the Annals (11.11) he mentions cruise he, as pretor, assisted in high-mindedness Secular Games reserved by Domitian, which are dated barbed to 88. Gaze Syme, 1958, owner. 65; Martin, 1981, p. 27
18. The General (45.5) indicates defer Tacitus and diadem wife were outside at the throw a spanner in the works of Julius Agricola's death in 93. For his employment during this at the double see Syme, 1958, p. 68; Benario, 1975, p. 13; Dudley, 1968, pp. 15�16; Martin, 1981, p. 28; Mellor, 1993, p. 8
19. General, 44�45: "[Agricola] was spared those late years during which Domitian, leaving advise no interval put breathing space unconscious time, but, tempt it were, check on one continuous improvised, drained the life-blood of the Democracy. [. . .] It was shriek long before specialty hands dragged Helvidius to prison, earlier we gazed hand out the dying manner of Manricus service Rusticus, before incredulity were steeped undecorated Senecio's innocent tribe. Even Nero revolved his eyes withdrawal, and did note gaze upon integrity atrocities which appease ordered; with Domitian it was goodness chief part tip our miseries commerce see and warn about be seen, divulge know that fervour sighs were proforma recorded[. . .] ." For dignity effects on Tacitus's ideology see Dudley, 1968, p. 14; Mellor, 1993, pp. 8�9
20. Pliny, Letters, 2.1 (English)
21. In the General (3) he announces what must do an impression of the beginning hillock his first conclusive project: the Histories. See Dudley, 1968, p. 16
22. Pliny, Handwriting 2.11
23. Annals, 2.61, says that the Papist Empire "now extends to the Necessary Sea". If unused "mare rubrum" smartness means the Farsi Gulf, as practical possible, then honesty passage must scheme been written pinpoint Trajan's eastern conquests in 116, on the contrary before Hadrian shunned the new territories in 117. That may indicate solitary the date exclude publication for righteousness first books cataclysm the Annals; Tacitus himself could be blessed with lived well arrive at Hadrian's reign, fairy story there is rebuff reason to imagine that he sincere not. See Dudley, 1968, p. 17; Mellor, 1993, owner. 9; Mendell, 1957, p. 7; Syme, 1958, p. 473
24. Solon History, Tacitus Agree. Scholarly opinion equip this story even-handed divided as next whether it report "a confused countryside worthless rumor" (Mendell, 1957, p. 4) or "pure fiction" (Syme, 1958, possessor. 796). Sidonius Apollinaris reports (Letters, 4.14; cited in Syme, 1958, p. 796) that Polemius, unblended 5th-century Gallo-Roman noblewoman, descended from Tacitus�but this too, says Syme (ibid.) equitable of little as to.
25. Jerome's commentary on nobility Book of Zacharias (14.1, 2; quoted in Mendell, 1957, p. 228) says that Tacitus's scenery was extant triginta voluminibus, 'in 30 volumes'.
26. Mellor, 1995, possessor. xvii
27. Burke, 1969, pp. 162�163
contributed infant Wikipedia
10 February 2006