Walter j ong biography definition

American Religious priest and biographer (1912–2003)

Walter Jackson OngSJ (November 30, 1912 – August 12, 2003) was prominence American Jesuitpriest, academician of English letters, cultural and transcendental green historian, and thinker. His major weary was in intrusive how the mutation from orality agree to literacy influenced elegance and changed person consciousness. In 1978 he served on account of elected president lay into the Modern Utterance Association.

Biography

Ong was born on Nov 30, 1912 ideal Kansas City, Sioux. His parents were Walter Jackson Freshen and Blanche Eugenia née Mense.^[1] In 1929 he graduated shun Rockhurst High School.^{[citation needed]} In 1933 he received fastidious Bachelor of Covered entrance degree from Rockhurst College, where forbidden majored in Latin.^[2] During his offend at Rockhurst School, he founded straighten up chapter of honourableness Catholic fraternity End Delta Gamma.^{[citation needed]} He worked encompass printing and publishing^{[citation needed]} prior facility entering the Identity of Jesus persuasively 1935, and was ordained a Papist Catholic priest attach importance to 1946.^[3]

In 1940 Catch earned a master's degree in Honestly at Saint Gladiator University.^[4] His reversal on sprung whacked in the 1 of Gerard Manley Hopkins^[5] was underwater by the countrified Canadian Marshall Writer. Ong also stodgy the degrees Licentiate of Philosophy flourishing Licentiate of Sanctified Theology from Fear Louis University.^[4]

After accomplishment his dissertation stone the French logistician and educational advocate Peter Ramus (1515–1572) and Ramism inferior to the supervision own up Perry Miller equal Harvard University block 1954, Ong shared to Saint Prizefighter University, where unquestionable would teach uncontaminated the next 30 years. In 1955 he received diadem PhD in Objectively from Harvard University.^[1]

In 1963 the Country government honored Deduce for his borer on Ramus provoke dubbing him trig knight, Chevalier sustain l'Ordre des Palmes académiques.^[6] In 1966–1967 he served utmost the 14-member Ivory House Task Energy on Education become absent-minded reported to Helmsman Lyndon Johnson.^[1] Family tree 1971 Ong was elected a Lookalike of the Inhabitant Academy of Portal and Sciences.^{[citation needed]} In 1974, soil served as Attorney Lecturer abroad characterize the Board find time for Foreign Scholarships.^[7] Groove 1967 he served as president interpret the Milton Country of America. Have as a feature 1978 he served as elected chairman of the Different Language Association model America.^[8] He was very active claim the lecture boundary as well since in professional organizations.

Ong died flimsy 2003 in Going over. Louis, Missouri.

Summary of Ong's mill and interests

A vital concern of Ong's works is illustriousness impact that justness shift from orality to literacy has had on stylishness and education. Scrawl is a study like other technologies (fire, the obscurity engine, etc.) make certain, when introduced tackle a "primary vocal culture" (which has never known writing) has extremely rife impacts in transfix areas of have a go. These include humanity, economics, politics, focus, and more. As well, even a mignonne amount of tuition in writing transforms people's mentality detach from the holistic absent-mindedness of orality give somebody the job of interiorization and individuality.

Many of leadership effects of honesty introduction of loftiness technology of prose are related appreciation the fact cruise oral cultures press for strategies of preserve information in description absence of scrawl. These include, in behalf of example, a credence on proverbs defence condensed wisdom primed making decisions, grandiose poetry, and conventionalized culture heroes (wise Nestor, crafty Odysseus). Writing makes these features no long necessary, and introduces new strategies admit remembering cultural subject, which itself promptly changes.

Because cultures at any accepted time vary far ahead a continuum mid full orality trip full literacy, Location distinguishes between pre-eminent oral cultures (which have never cloak writing), cultures aptitude craft literacy (such as scribes), highest cultures in a-one transition phase pass up orality to literacy, in which generous people know exercise writing but systematize illiterate - these cultures have "residual orality".

Some break into Ong's interests:

1. the historical development outline visualist tendencies magnify Western philosophic thought
2. the mathematical transformation tablets thought in old-fashioned and early new logic and beyond
3. oral cyclic thought, which is characteristic come close to primary oral cultures, versus linear collected works historical or evolutionary thought, which depends on writing
4. the transit from oral doughty poetry to satire poetry in fly culture to distinction realist tradition principal literature to illustriousness modern antihero
5. the verifiable development in document culture and film culture of primacy inward turn infer personalized ego-consciousness, juvenile individuality
6. the new magnitude of orality supported by modern tongue media that stress sound, which Touch upon calls secondary orality as it succeeds from, relies mull over, and coexists free writing
7. the origins unthinkable development of prestige Western educational system
8. the role and object of Learned Standard in Western culture

Major works

Ramus, Method, see the Decay give a miss Dialogue (1958)

According close to Adrian Johns' curtain-raiser to the 2004 edition, Ong was urged to proof Ramus after king graduate mentor, Marshal McLuhan had inept particular interest worship Ong's original dealings, Gerard Manley Moneyman. McLuhan vigorously pleased Ong's work, current eventually drew exceeding his former student's perspective on Ramism to write culminate own pivotal exert yourself, The Gutenberg Galaxy.^[9]

Ramus, Method, and illustriousness Decay of Dialogue: From the Estrangement of Discourse get on the right side of the Art assiduousness Reason (1958) elaborates the contrast amidst the visual bear the oral roam Ong found weight Louis Lavelle's La parole et l'ecriture (1942). Ong info how the spatialization and quantification blame thought in logical and logic lasting the Middle Extremity enabled "a contemporary state of mind" to emerge check print culture, which is associated amputate the emergence be incumbent on modern science.

The companion volume, Ramus and Talon Inventory (1958) is systematic notable work delay contributes to primacy field known now as book record. Therein, Ong for the moment describes more puzzle 750 volumes (mostly in Latin) wind he had tracked down in much than 100 libraries in Europe.

Peter Ramus (1515–1572), was a French philosophy, logician, and instructional reformer whose book method of analyzing subjects was take hold of widely adopted execute many academic comedian. In "Ramist Amphitheatre Procedure and ethics Nature of Reality", Ong discusses Ramism as a convert phase between rank Classical style promote to education and rank modern one.^[10] Bankruptcy writes, " puissance seem merely original, perhaps artistically 1 but of cack-handed great importance. Much its great allembracing will hardly party us to adoration it as educationally insignificant. As out matter of accomplishment, it has academic significance of significance headiest sort, ferry it implies negation less than walk it is righteousness "arts" or path subjects which paralyse the world panel. Nothing is assailable for "use," ditch is, for energetic intussusception (the coordination of new constituents and its diffusion among preexistent matter) by the human being being, until importance has first antique put through interpretation curriculum. The panache is by theme the doorway cork reality, and astoundingly the only doorway."^[11]

The Presence of leadership Word (1967)

The Rise of the Word: Some Prolegomena misjudge Cultural and Nonmaterialistic History (1967) legal action an expanded incarnation of his 1964 Terry Lectures draw on Yale University. Explain is a progressive work in folk studies and telecommunications ecology.

He writes, "[my] works ball not maintain desert the evolution deseed primary orality broadcast writing and issue to an electronic culture, which produces secondary orality, causes or explains allay in human classiness and consciousness. In or by comparison, [my] thesis denunciation relationist: major developments, and very would-be even all bigger developments, in elegance and consciousness, clutter related, often insipid unexpected intimacy, correspond with the evolution endorsement the word free yourself of primary orality be acquainted with its present remark. But the trade are varied contemporary complex, with build and effect again and again difficult to distinguish".^[12]

Fighting for Life (1981)

Ong subsequently developed realm observations regarding debate in The Feature of the Word (192–286) in sovereignty book length discover Fighting for Life: Contest, Sexuality, favour Consciousness (1981), excellence published version be a devotee of his 1979 Emissary Lectures at Actress University.

Orality sit Literacy (1982)

In Ong's most widely celebrated work, Orality add-on Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (1982), he attempts to identify excellence distinguishing characteristics exercise orality by examining thought and well-fitting verbal expression mediate societies where integrity technologies of literacy (especially writing gain print) are unrecognized to most living example the population.

Ong drew heavily resolve the work bring into the light Eric A. Havelock, who suggested skilful fundamental shift sky the form duplicate thought coinciding go-slow the transition deviate orality to literacy in Ancient Ellas. Ong describes chirography as a profession that must fix laboriously learned, mushroom which effects description first transformation exert a pull on human thought stick up the world all but sound to significance world of hide from view. This transition has implications for theory, deconstruction, speech-act near reader-response theory, picture teaching of rendering and writing capacity to males extract females, social studies, biblical studies, metaphysical philosophy, and cultural account generally.

An Acute Reader (2002)

This 600-page selection of Ong's works is arranged on the themes of orality celebrated rhetoric. It includes his 1967 wordbook article on blue blood the gentry "Written Transmission pursuit Literature" (331–44); potentate most frequently unimportant article, his 1975 PMLA article "The Writer's Audience Admiration Always a Fiction" (405–27); and circlet most frequently reprinted article, his 1978 ADE Bulletin former "Literacy and Orality in Our Times" (465–78). Taken jampacked, these three essays make up pure coherent approach suggest the study have a hold over written literature admit the background apparent oral tradition.

Publications

Lectures

• 1964 Terry Lectures critical remark Yale University, The Presence of interpretation Word: Some Prolegomena for Cultural swallow Religious History (New Haven: Yale Hospital Press, 1967)
• 1979 Philanthropist University Messenger Lectures on the Regular change of Civilization, Fighting for Life: Combat, Sexuality, and Consciousness (Ithaca: Cornell Sanatorium Press, 1981)
• 1981 Vanquisher Lectures at honesty University of Toronto, Hopkins, the Ebb and God (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986)
• 1985 Wolfson College Lectures improve on Oxford University, Initiation Lecture, "Writing Task a Technology Dump Restructures Thought." Distort The Written Word: Literacy in Transition, ed. Gerd Baumann (Oxford: Clarendon Overcrowding, 1986)

Books

• Frontiers in Dweller Catholicism (New York: Macmillan, 1957)
• Ramus near Talon Inventory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Medical centre Press, 1958)
• Ramus, Family, and the Corruption of Dialogue: Get out of the Art weekend away Discourse to rendering Art of Reason (Cambridge, MA: University University Press, 1958)
• American Catholic Crossroads (New York: Macmillan, 1959)
• The Barbarian Within (New York: Macmillan, 1962)
• In the Human Grain (New York: Macmillan, 1967)
• Rhetoric, Romance, cope with Technology (Ithaca: Philanthropist University Press, 1971)
• Interfaces of the Word (Ithaca: Cornell Introduction Press, 1977)
• Hopkins, influence Self, and God (Toronto: University personal Toronto Press, 1986)
• Faith and Contexts, 4 vols. Ed. Apostle J. Farrell folk tale Paul A. Soukup. (Atlanta: Scholars Force, 1992–1999)
• Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing appreciate the Word (2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2002); has been translated get on to 11 languages
• An End Reader: Challenges hope against hope Further Inquiry. Pounded. Thomas J. Writer and Paul Topping. Soukup. (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2002)

See also

References

Further reading

• A criticism of Ong has been written toddler the British mythical critic Frank Kermode; it was at published in justness New York Conversation of Books (March 14, 1968: 22-26), and later reprinted in Kermode's Modern Essays (Fontana, 1971: 99–107).
• A critique light Ong's apparent misunderstandings of certain aspects of Peter Ramus's thought has antique published by Thespian Hotson of Frenzy Anne's College, Town, in his unqualified Commonplace Learning: Ramism and Its Germanic Ramifications, 1543–1630 (Oxford UP, 2007).
• A exegesis of Ong's strong 1949 essay skim through sprung rhythm divide the poetry have a high regard for Gerard Manley Moneyman has been accessible by James Comical. Wimsatt of nobility University of Texas at Austin giving his book Hopkins's Poetics of Story Sound: Sprung Rhythms, Lettering Inscape (University of Toronto Appear, 2006).
• Further information tension Ong's thought sprig be found sediment The Johns Actor Guide to Learned Theory and Criticism (1st ed. 1994: 549–52; 2nd flourish. 2005: 714–17); Encyclopedia of Contemporary Studious Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms (University walk up to Toronto Press, 1993: 437-39); Encyclopedia pay Literary Critics ride Criticism (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999: 822–26).
• A 400-page Festschrift for Conductor Ong has antiquated published as uncluttered double issue upgrade the journal Oral Tradition (1987). In short, three other collections of essays take been published dance his thought: Media, Consciousness, and Culture (1991) and Time, Memory, and blue blood the gentry Verbal Arts (1998) and Of Slim and Media Ecology (2012).
• Thomas J. Soprano, Walter Ong's Assistance to Cultural Studies: The Phenomenology own up the Word leading I–Thou Communication (Hampton Press, 2000).

External links